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Descripción
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| The joint use of chemical and biological control agents: How the effects of pesticides on natural enemies can be elucidated? Elisa Viñuela Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain Introduction: In recent years, IPM programs based on the use of natural enemies and pesticides to control agricultural pests have rapidly increased in importance all over the world. In these programs pesticides used to manage a pest on a particular crop must be harmless to the biological control agent used in that crop. Studies to elucidate the effects of pesticides on biological control agents were first initiated in Europe by the IOBC in 1974. Today they are essential for registration of pesticides within the European Union. Methods: Standard Methods have been developed by the IOBC to measure the effects of pesticides on different developmental stages of parasitoids and predators (see http://wwwiobc- wprs.org.). The protocol first requires a natural enemy to be exposed to a pesticide on an inert surface and then on leaves in the lab. It then requires extended semi-field and field studies in a sequential scheme. Furthermore, persistence studies (aged residues) or exposure through different uptake routes are also performed. First tier laboratory studies require only two indicative species. On the other hand, further studies require an additional two more species to those used in the first tier. Results: The safest pesticides are usually of natural origin or mimics of insect growth regulators. Eggs and pupae are generally more compatible with pesticides than the exposed stages (larvae of predators and adults of parasitoids). Conclusions: As toxic effects depend on the mode of action of the pesticide to the natural enemy used, studies must be performed on a case-by-case basis. | |
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Internacional
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Si |
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ISSN o ISBN
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Entidad relacionada
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-International Congress of Entomology ICE 2008. Celebrating entomology: contributions to modern science |
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Nacionalidad Entidad
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SUDAFRICA |
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Lugar del congreso
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Durban (Sudafrica) |